Peptide guides, cited and reviewed.
Long-form explainers on each peptide we track. Every article cites peer-reviewed sources and carries a publication date. Where a clinical reviewer has signed off their name appears on the page; otherwise the page is labeled “Pending Clinical Review.” When newer research changes the picture we update the article and record it in the corrections ledger.
MOTS-c Mechanism and Dosing: The Mitochondrial Exercise-Mimetic Peptide
MOTS-c is a mitochondria-derived peptide that activates AMPK and mimics exercise at the cellular level — here’s what the preclinical data shows about its mechanism and research dosing.
BAC Water Shelf Life: Composition, 28-Day Rule & Sourcing Guidance
Bacteriostatic water is the standard diluent for research peptides — understand its 0.9% benzyl alcohol composition, the USP 28-day post-opening rule, and how it differs from sterile water.
Peptide Storage Temperatures: Lyophilized vs Reconstituted & Stability by Peptide
How to store peptides correctly — lyophilized vs reconstituted forms, temperature ranges for major peptides including BPC-157, GLP-1 agents, and MOTS-c, plus degradation study data.
Syringe Filtering with 0.22 Micron Filters: When, Why & How
A complete guide to 0.22 micron syringe filtration for peptide solutions — filter membrane types, sterilizing-grade vs particulate, peptide binding loss, and step-by-step procedure.
MK-677 Ghrelin Agonist: Oral GH Secretagogue, Efficacy & Long-Term Safety Unknowns
MK-677 (ibutamoren) is a rare orally bioavailable ghrelin receptor agonist that raises GH and IGF-1 — a review of the clinical evidence, water retention, insulin sensitivity trade-offs, and long-term safety gaps.
BPC-157 Dosage Protocols: Research Ranges, Frequency & Injection Guidance
A practical breakdown of BPC-157 research dosing — covering dose ranges from published literature, injection frequency, site rotation, and typical study durations.
Reading a Certificate of Analysis: HPLC Purity, Mass Spec & Red Flags Explained
A Certificate of Analysis is the primary quality document for research peptides — learn to read HPLC purity, mass spec confirmation, water content, and spot the red flags that signal a fraudulent COA.
Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide: Mechanisms, Efficacy Data & Cost Comparison
A head-to-head comparison of semaglutide and tirzepatide — GLP-1 vs dual GLP-1/GIP agonism, STEP-1 vs SURMOUNT-1 trial data, dosing schedules, side effects, and cost per mg.
Selank for Cognitive Enhancement: Anxiolytic Claims, Dosing & Evidence Quality
Selank is a synthetic anxiolytic peptide developed in Russia with claimed nootropic effects — here’s what the published evidence actually shows, intranasal dosing, half-life, and evidence quality caveats.
Ipamorelin GH Safety: Selectivity, Dosing & Comparison to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6
Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue that elevates GH without spiking cortisol or prolactin — here’s what the research shows on safety, pulse dosing, and how it compares to GHRP-2 and GHRP-6.
Tirzepatide Reconstitution Math: Vial Sizes, BAC Water Volumes & Syringe Units
Step-by-step math for reconstituting tirzepatide vials of 5, 10, and 15 mg — BAC water volumes, units on a U-100 syringe, and pen-vs-syringe trade-offs explained.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Safety: Warnings, Contraindications & Drug Interactions
A clinical safety overview of GLP-1 receptor agonists — black-box thyroid warning, pancreatitis risk, GI effects, titration schedules, contraindications, and drug interactions per FDA labeling.
Recognizing Scam Peptide Vendors: Red Flags, COA Fraud & Payment Traps
How to identify fraudulent peptide vendors before ordering — fake lab photos, COA mismatches, Telegram-only operations, pricing red flags, and payment traps that signal a scam.
Vial Label Best Practices: What to Record & Why the Audit Trail Matters
A complete guide to labeling reconstituted peptide vials — what data to record, label material recommendations, and how to use the Pepticker label-maker tool for a proper audit trail.
TB-500 and BPC-157 Stack: Protocols, Mechanisms & Evidence Review
How TB-500 (thymosin β4) and BPC-157 complement each other mechanistically — what the literature supports, common stack protocols, injection scheduling, and duration recommendations.
How to reconstitute BPC-157 — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution protocol for BPC-157 lyophilized powder, covering materials, dose math, storage, and common mistakes — for research purposes only.
How to reconstitute MOTS-c — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution protocol for MOTS-c mitochondrial peptide lyophilized research vials — covering materials, dose math for daily or periodic research schedules, and cold-chain storage. For research purposes only.
How to Reconstitute MOTS-c: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused reconstitution guide for lyophilized MOTS-c, a mitochondria-derived peptide, covering 5 mg vial sizes with research dose ranges of 5–10 mg and syringe-unit calculations.
How to reconstitute Tirzepatide — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution guide for Tirzepatide lyophilized research vials — covering exact volumes, dose math for weekly research-dose schedules, and cold-chain storage. For research purposes only.
How to Reconstitute Tirzepatide: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused reconstitution walkthrough for tirzepatide lyophilized powder, covering common vial sizes of 5–15 mg and research dose ranges of 2.5–15 mg, with worked syringe-unit examples.
How to reconstitute Semaglutide — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution protocol for Semaglutide lyophilized research vials — with dose math for weekly GLP-1 research schedules, storage requirements, and SVG diagrams. For research purposes only.
How to Reconstitute Retatrutide: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused reconstitution guide for lyophilized retatrutide, a triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist, covering 5–10 mg vial sizes with research dose range examples.
How to Reconstitute GHK-Cu: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused reconstitution guide for lyophilized GHK-Cu (copper tripeptide-1), covering 50 mg vial sizes with research dose ranges of 0.5–2 mg per site and syringe-unit calculations.
How to reconstitute GHK-Cu — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution protocol for GHK-Cu (copper peptide) lyophilized research vials — with dose math, storage guidelines, and handling notes for this copper-complexed tripeptide. For research purposes only.
How to Reconstitute BPC-157: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused walkthrough for reconstituting BPC-157 peptide from lyophilized powder using bacteriostatic water, covering standard vial sizes of 5 mg with dose ranges commonly used in preclinical studies (250–500 mcg per administration).
How to Reconstitute Semaglutide: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused reconstitution guide for lyophilized semaglutide powder, covering 2 mg and 5 mg vial sizes with research dose ranges of 0.25–2.4 mg and worked syringe-unit calculations.
How to reconstitute Ipamorelin — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution protocol for Ipamorelin growth hormone secretagogue research vials — with dose math for research protocols and refrigerated storage guidelines. For research purposes only.
How to Reconstitute Ipamorelin: Step-by-Step Visual Guide
A research-focused reconstitution guide for lyophilized ipamorelin, a selective growth hormone secretagogue, covering 2 mg and 5 mg vial sizes with research dose ranges of 100–300 mcg and syringe-unit calculations.
How to reconstitute Retatrutide — visual step-by-step
A visual, step-by-step reconstitution guide for Retatrutide (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon triple agonist) lyophilized research vials — including dose math for weekly protocols and cold-chain storage. For research purposes only.
N-Acetyl-Selank: Acetylated Selank Variant Research Overview
N-Acetyl-Selank is an N-terminally acetylated variant of Selank, designed to improve metabolic stability. The dedicated published literature is extremely thin; most available data applies to the parent Selank peptide. See also the Selank guide at /guides/selank-research-overview.
Spermidine: Natural Polyamine, Autophagy Research, and Longevity Science
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine — not a peptide — found in all living organisms. It is the subject of active autophagy and longevity research, primarily from Madeo and Eisenberg's groups. It is sold as a dietary supplement and is not FDA-approved as a drug.
Thymogen: Research Overview
ANP-28 (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide): cardiac hormone research overview
A research-grounded overview of ANP-28, the 28-amino acid atrial natriuretic peptide first described by de Bold in 1981, its cardiovascular physiology, biomarker role, and its distinction from carperitide (recombinant human ANP approved in Japan).
PNC-27: p53/HDM-2 Anticancer Peptide Research Overview
PNC-27 is a chimeric anticancer peptide carrying a p53-derived HDM-2 binding domain. Preclinical studies show selective cancer-cell membranolysis via plasma membrane-localized HDM-2. There are no human clinical trials.
Capromorelin: Oral Ghrelin Receptor Agonist — Veterinary Approved, Not for Human Use
Capromorelin is an oral ghrelin receptor agonist FDA-approved for veterinary use — Entyce for appetite stimulation in dogs and Elura for weight management in cats with chronic kidney disease. Human development was abandoned by Pfizer. It is not approved for human use.
FoxO4-DRI: Senolytic Peptide Research Overview
FoxO4-DRI is a D-retro inverso peptide derived from the FoxO4 forkhead domain, designed to disrupt the FoxO4–p53 interaction in senescent cells and promote their apoptosis. All evidence is preclinical; no human trials have been conducted.
Livagen: Research Overview
Motilin: endogenous GI prokinetic peptide research overview
A research-oriented overview of motilin, the endogenous 22-amino acid GI peptide, its receptor pharmacology, the macrolide antibiotic connection, and the history of motilin agonist drug development.
Prostamax: Research Overview
Cortagen: Research Overview
MGF (Mechano-Growth Factor): IGF-1 splice variant research overview
A research-grounded overview of Mechano-Growth Factor (MGF), the mechano-sensitive IGF-1Ec splice variant characterized by Goldspink and colleagues, its preclinical muscle biology, and the honest assessment that no human dose-finding trials have been conducted.
Cartalax: Research Overview
Cholecystokinin-33 (CCK-33): GI peptide hormone research overview
An evidence-grounded review of CCK-33, the 33-amino acid form of cholecystokinin, including its original isolation by Mutt and Jorpes, the CCK molecular family, GI physiology, and its distinction from sincalide (CCK-8).
BNP-32 (Brain Natriuretic Peptide): cardiac biomarker and endocrine peptide research overview
A research-grounded overview of BNP-32, the 32-amino acid cardiac natriuretic peptide first isolated by Sudoh in 1988, its role as a biomarker and endocrine hormone, and its distinction from nesiritide (recombinant human BNP).
Gonadorelin (GnRH) Research Overview
A research overview of gonadorelin, the native GnRH decapeptide — covering its Nobel Prize-winning discovery, mechanism, diagnostic and fertility indications, the discontinuation of branded Factrel in the US, and its current compounded-pharmacy landscape.
Secretin (ChiRhoStim): FDA-approved GI peptide research overview
An evidence-grounded review of secretin: its gastrointestinal physiology, FDA-approved diagnostic uses (pancreatic function testing, ERCP), the negative 1999 NEJM autism trial, and an honest account of how anecdotal claims diverged from published evidence.
PE-22-28: Research Overview
PE-22-28 is a synthetic 7-amino-acid fragment of spadin, engineered to block the TREK-1 two-pore potassium channel with high potency. Preclinical research in rodent models suggests rapid antidepressant-like effects and increased hippocampal neurogenesis. No human clinical trials have been conducted.
GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2): native intestinotrophic peptide research overview
Calcitonin-Salmon Research Overview
A research overview of synthetic salmon calcitonin (Miacalcin, Fortical), covering its structure, mechanism, the landmark PROOF fracture trial, FDA-approved indications for Paget's disease and osteoporosis, and the 2013 cancer-risk signal that reshaped prescribing.
Nesiritide (Natrecor): recombinant BNP and the ASCEND-HF lesson
An evidence-grounded review of nesiritide (Natrecor), the recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide approved for acute decompensated heart failure, including the ASCEND-HF trial that showed no mortality benefit and led to its clinical fall from favor.
Orforglipron (Foundayo): oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist research overview
Anamorelin (Adlumiz): oral ghrelin agonist and cancer cachexia research overview
An evidence-grounded review of anamorelin (Adlumiz): the oral ghrelin receptor agonist approved in Japan for cancer cachexia, rejected by the FDA in 2017, its ROMANA-1 and ROMANA-2 phase 3 trial results, and its distinction from injectable GHRPs.
Sincalide (CCK-8) Research Overview
A research overview of sincalide (Kinevac), the synthetic cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) FDA-approved as a diagnostic imaging agent for HIDA scans — covering its structure, mechanism, gallbladder ejection fraction methodology, dosing, and safety considerations.
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) Research Overview
A comprehensive look at teriparatide's structure, mechanism, landmark fracture-prevention trial, pharmacokinetics, FDA-approved indications, and safety profile — including the historical osteosarcoma boxed warning and its 2020 removal.
P-21: Research Overview
P-21 (P021) is a synthetic tetrapeptide mimetic of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), designed to cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis. Preclinical research in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease reports increased BDNF, reduced tau pathology, and improved cognition. No human clinical trials have been conducted.
Lixisenatide (Adlyxin / Lyxumia): short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist research overview
Thymosin Alpha-1: immune-modulating thymic peptide research overview
An evidence-grounded review of thymosin alpha-1 (Zadaxin / thymalfasin): its thymic origin, immunomodulatory mechanisms, clinical trial history in hepatitis B and C, FDA orphan-drug designations, and approval status across more than 35 countries.
Oxyntomodulin: proglucagon-derived dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist research overview
An evidence-grounded review of oxyntomodulin: the 37-amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide that activates both GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, its early clinical evidence on appetite and weight loss, and its conceptual role as the scientific precursor to the dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist drug class.
Efpeglenatide: long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist research overview
Vilon: Research Overview
Vilon (KE; Lys-Glu) is a synthetic dipeptide bioregulator developed by the Khavinson laboratory in Russia. Research in rodent models suggests immunomodulatory and longevity effects; human evidence is sparse and comes from a single research group.
Tesofensine Research Overview
Tesofensine is a small-molecule triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor studied for obesity and hypothalamic weight disorders. It appears in peptide vendor catalogs but is not itself a peptide.
Octreotide (Sandostatin): Somatostatin Analog for Acromegaly and Neuroendocrine Tumors — Research Overview
Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analog approved by the FDA as Sandostatin for acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, and VIP-secreting tumors. This overview covers its mechanism, landmark trial evidence, pharmacokinetics, and labeled dose ranges.
Thymalin: Research Overview
Thymalin is a polypeptide complex isolated from calf thymus, developed by the Khavinson laboratory in Russia and studied for immune modulation and longevity outcomes. Most evidence comes from Russian-language literature and a single research group.
Kisspeptin Research Overview
Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts as a master regulator of reproductive hormone release. Researchers at Imperial College London have led human studies exploring its role in fertility and GnRH signaling.
5-Amino-1MQ: Research Overview
5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule NNMT inhibitor — not a peptide — studied in preclinical models of obesity and NAD+ metabolism. It is listed alongside peptides by vendors due to overlapping research interest, but its chemistry and classification are distinct.
Setmelanotide (Imcivree): MC4R Agonist for Rare Genetic Obesity — Research Overview
Setmelanotide is a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist approved by the FDA as Imcivree for rare genetic obesity caused by POMC, PCSK1, or LEPR deficiency and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. It restores a disrupted hypothalamic satiety pathway to produce significant, sustained weight loss.
Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon): Research Overview
Exenatide was the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes, available as twice-daily Byetta and once-weekly Bydureon. This overview covers its discovery, mechanism, DURATION and EXSCEL trial evidence, pharmacokinetics, and FDA-approved use.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): Research Overview
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a glycoprotein hormone with FDA-approved roles in fertility treatment and male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This overview covers its biology, clinical evidence, pharmacokinetics, and approved indications — and explicitly addresses the fraudulent 'HCG diet' that the FDA has warned against.
Pinealon: Research Overview
Pinealon (EDR; Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed by the Khavinson laboratory in Russia, studied predominantly in preclinical models for neuroprotection and cognitive aging. Independent Western replication is lacking.
Pramlintide (Symlin): Research Overview
Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of the pancreatic hormone amylin, FDA-approved as Symlin as an adjunct to insulin therapy in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This overview examines its mechanism, clinical trial evidence, pharmacokinetics, and approved clinical use.
Dihexa Research Overview
Dihexa (PNB-0408) is a synthetic hexapeptide analog of angiotensin IV that potentiates hepatocyte growth factor signaling. It has demonstrated procognitive effects in rodent models; no human clinical trials exist.
Desmopressin (DDAVP / Stimate / Nocdurna): Vasopressin Analog for Diabetes Insipidus, Hemophilia A, and Nocturnal Enuresis — Research Overview
Desmopressin is a synthetic vasopressin analog FDA-approved as DDAVP, Stimate, and Nocdurna for central diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, and mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease type 1. It has been in clinical use for over 50 years across multiple formulations and indications.
Teduglutide (Gattex / Revestive): GLP-2 Analog for Short Bowel Syndrome — Research Overview
Teduglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog approved by the FDA as Gattex for the treatment of short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure in adults and pediatric patients. This overview covers its mechanism, clinical trial evidence, pharmacokinetics, and approved dosing.
Leuprolide (Lupron / Eligard): GnRH Agonist for Prostate Cancer, Endometriosis, and CPP — Research Overview
Leuprolide is a synthetic GnRH agonist FDA-approved as Lupron and Eligard for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty. Continuous administration paradoxically suppresses gonadotropin and sex-steroid secretion, forming the basis of androgen-deprivation therapy.
ARA-290 (Cibinetide) Research Overview
ARA-290, also called cibinetide, is an 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the tissue-protective domain of erythropoietin. It has been studied in Phase 2 trials for neuropathic pain in sarcoidosis-associated small fiber neuropathy.
Oxytocin (Pitocin / Syntocinon): Research Overview
Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid posterior pituitary neuropeptide, FDA-approved as Pitocin for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage. An active research literature explores its roles in social cognition, autism spectrum disorder, and trust — results have been mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Cerebrolysin Research Overview
Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids derived from porcine brain, used clinically in Russia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Asia for stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane reviews have found its evidence base weak or negative.
Pasireotide (Signifor / Signifor LAR): Research Overview
Pasireotide is a multi-receptor somatostatin analog FDA-approved as Signifor for Cushing's disease and as Signifor LAR for acromegaly. Its broad binding profile across somatostatin receptor subtypes — particularly high affinity for SST5 — distinguishes it from first-generation analogs like octreotide.
Dulaglutide: Research Overview
Dulaglutide (Trulicity) is an FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes that demonstrated significant cardiovascular risk reduction in the REWIND outcomes trial.
TB-500 (Fragment 17-23): Thymosin Beta-4 Active Fragment Research Overview
TB-500 as sold in research markets is a synthetic heptapeptide corresponding to residues 17-23 of thymosin beta-4, not the full-length protein. This guide explains what is actually known about this fragment, how it differs from full-length TB-4, and why the published human trial data cannot be attributed to it.
Selank: Tuftsin-Derived Anxiolytic Peptide Research Overview
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from tuftsin, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Russia and studied primarily by Russian research groups for anxiolytic and nootropic effects. The literature is predominantly from Russian-language journals; this guide is transparent about that limitation.
Semax: ACTH(4-10) Analog Nootropic Research Overview
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide based on the ACTH(4-10) fragment, developed by Russian neuroscientists including Ashmarin and Levitskaya. It has been studied for neuroprotection, cognitive enhancement, and BDNF upregulation. The research base is predominantly from Russian institutions, with limited independent Western replication.
Mazdutide: Research Overview
Mazdutide is a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist approved in China for obesity in 2025 — the world's first approved GCG/GLP-1 dual agonist — with US/global regulatory status pending ongoing phase 3 trials.
Hexarelin: GHRP-Class Hexapeptide Research Overview
Hexarelin (examorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue with one of the stronger published research portfolios in the GHRP class, including human studies on cardiac function and GH secretion. This guide summarizes the peer-reviewed evidence.
CJC-1295 Without DAC: Research Overview
CJC-1295 without DAC is a synthetic GHRH analogue with a ~30-minute half-life that produces discrete, pulsatile GH release — the key distinction from its long-acting, albumin-binding DAC counterpart.
Survodutide: Research Overview
Survodutide (BI 456906) is a once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist in phase 3 development by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma, with notable phase 2 data in obesity and MASH.
IGF-1 LR3: Long Arg3 Analog Research Overview
IGF-1 LR3 is a synthetic analog of insulin-like growth factor-1 engineered for reduced IGF-binding protein affinity and a markedly longer plasma half-life than native IGF-1. Most published evidence is preclinical; honest appraisal of the thin human clinical record is essential.
Tesamorelin: Research Overview
Tesamorelin is an FDA-approved synthetic GHRH analogue (Egrifta) indicated specifically for reducing excess visceral abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
AOD-9604: Research Overview
AOD-9604 is a modified C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone studied for lipolytic activity in preclinical and early-phase human research. Its clinical development program for obesity was ultimately discontinued.
MOTS-c: Research Overview
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome, studied as a regulator of metabolic homeostasis and an exercise-responsive signaling molecule. The current evidence base is predominantly preclinical.
Ipamorelin: Research Overview
Ipamorelin is a selective pentapeptide ghrelin-receptor agonist that stimulates GH release without significant cortisol or prolactin elevation. This guide covers its mechanism, human pharmacokinetic data, and its distinction from less-selective GHRPs.
Sermorelin: Research Overview
Sermorelin is a 29-amino acid GHRH analogue that was once FDA-approved for pediatric growth hormone deficiency. Its commercial production was discontinued in 2008 for non-safety reasons, but it remains in use as a compounded pharmaceutical and research compound.
Follistatin: Research Overview
Follistatin is an endogenous glycoprotein that neutralizes myostatin and activin, restraining muscle growth and other TGF-β family signaling. This guide covers the native protein's pharmacology, the gene-therapy research at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and why exogenous protein follistatin has no validated human dose data.
PT-141 / Bremelanotide: Research Overview
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin agonist FDA-approved as Vyleesi for HSDD in premenopausal women. This guide covers its central mechanism of action, the Vyleesi prescribing information, and how it differs from other melanocortin peptides.
CJC-1295 with DAC: Research Overview
CJC-1295 with DAC is a long-acting GHRH analog engineered for extended half-life via albumin binding. This guide covers its mechanism, the Teichman 2006 human PK data, and how it differs from CJC-1295 without DAC.
Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-4): Research Overview
Thymosin beta-4 is the full-length 43-amino-acid peptide best known for actin sequestration and tissue remodeling. This overview covers its structure, mechanism, clinical trial data, and how it differs from the TB-500 fragment sold by research vendors.
Liraglutide: Research Overview
Liraglutide is an FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist with extensive clinical trial data supporting its effects on glycemic control and weight management. This overview summarizes the mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and research evidence.
GHK-Cu: Research Overview
GHK-Cu is a copper-bound tripeptide studied primarily in the context of topical skin regeneration, wound healing, and hair follicle biology. Injectable dose-range data in humans is sparse.
Cagrilintide: Research Overview
Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue in late-stage clinical development for obesity, studied both as monotherapy and in combination with semaglutide. This overview covers its mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and key clinical findings.
BPC-157: gastric pentadecapeptide research overview
An evidence-grounded review of BPC-157's origin, proposed molecular mechanisms, preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and the current state of published research.
Epithalon: Research Overview
Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide studied for telomerase activation and longevity effects, primarily by one Russian research group. The evidence base is narrow and mostly preclinical or from the same institution.
GHRP-6: Research Overview
GHRP-6 is the original synthetic hexapeptide GH secretagogue, characterized by Cyril Bowers in the 1980s. This guide covers its mechanism, prominent appetite-stimulation effect, older clinical literature, and the absence of any modern regulatory program.
Retatrutide: triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist research overview
A comprehensive review of retatrutide's triple incretin-plus-glucagon mechanism, phase 2 clinical evidence, pharmacokinetics, and how it compares to dual-agonist alternatives.
DSIP: Research Overview
DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is a nine-residue neuropeptide isolated by Schoenenberger and Monnier in 1977. This guide covers its mechanism, the 1970s–1990s sleep and opioid-withdrawal research, and the scarcity of modern clinical data.
GHRP-2: Research Overview
GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a potent synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin-receptor agonist that releases GH from the pituitary. This guide covers its mechanism, human pharmacokinetic and pediatric diagnostic data, and the honest limits of its clinical development.
Semaglutide: GLP-1 receptor agonist research overview
A deep look at semaglutide's mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and the landmark clinical trials that have made it one of the most studied GLP-1 receptor agonists in modern metabolic research.
Melanotan II: Research Overview
Melanotan II is a synthetic non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist with a pilot phase 1 human study but no approved indication. This guide covers the limited evidence base, regulatory status, FDA safety concerns, and how it differs from PT-141.
KPV: Research Overview
KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This guide covers its mechanism, preclinical intestinal inflammation data, and the near-total absence of published human clinical trials.
Tirzepatide: dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist research overview
A detailed review of tirzepatide's dual incretin mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and the SURPASS and SURMOUNT clinical trial programs that define the current evidence base.
HGH Fragment 176-191: Research Overview
HGH Fragment 176-191 is the C-terminal region of human growth hormone studied for lipolytic activity. Unlike full-length GH, it does not bind the GH receptor. This guide covers the preclinical evidence base and explicitly notes the absence of published human dose-ranging data.
BPC-157: quick overview (research notes)
A 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide with preclinical evidence for tissue repair. What buyers should know before comparing prices.
Tirzepatide and the shift to research-grade GLP-1s
Why the research-chemical market for dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists ballooned in 2024–2026, and what that means for buyers.
How to read a certificate of analysis (COA)
What the numbers on a peptide COA actually mean — and which ones matter most when you're comparing vendors.